Compared with other countries, the United States is losing ground. The OECD’s latest Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) scores showed the United States in 16th place out of 81 countries in science, 34th in math, and 20th in reading. East Asian countries typically have the highest rankings. The US decline is particularly evident in another OECD assessment that measures adult literacy and numeracy skills in advanced economies. In a comparison between the oldest generation—those born from 1947 to 1957—and those born from 1988 to 1996, the “US gains are especially weak.” The United States was dead last among 26 countries in math gains and second-to-last in literacy gains among the younger generation. Only 45 percent of US adults read at a 6th-grade level or above.